Dementia Essays - Cognitive Disorders, Dementia, Free Essays

Dementia Essays - Cognitive Disorders, Dementia, Free Essays Dementia What is Dementia? Dementia is a natural cerebrum condition which brings about worldwide psychological weaknesses. Dementia can happen because of an assortment of neurological sicknesses. A portion of the more notable twisting illnesses incorporate Alzheimer's ailment (AD), multi-infarct dementia (MID), and Huntington's sickness (HD). All through this exposition the accentuation will be put on AD (otherwise called dementia of the Alzheimer's sort, and essential degenerative dementia), in light of the fact that measurably it is the most critical twisting infection happening in over half of unhinged patients (see the study of disease transmission). The clinical picture in dementia is fundamentally the same as incoherence, aside from the course. Wooziness is an intense brief issue. By differentiate Dementia is a drawn out dynamic issue (except for the reversible dementias). The course of AD can extend somewhere in the range of 1.5 to 15 years with a normal of about 8.1 years (Terry , 1988). Promotion is typically partitioned into three phases gentle, moderate, and serious. All through these stages a particular grouping of subjective disintegration is watched (Lezak, 1993). The mellow stage starts with memory, consideration, speed subordinate exercises, and theoretical thinking brokenness. Likewise gentle language impedances start to surface. In the moderate stage, language shortfalls, for example, aphasia and apraxia become unmistakable. Dysfluency, paraphasias, and bizzare word blends are basic midstage discourse surrenders. In the extreme stage the patient is progressively decreased to a vegetative state. Discourse becomes non fluent, monotonous, and to a great extent non-informative. Sound-related appreciation is exceedingly constrained, with numerous patients showing incomplete or complete mutism. Late over the span of the sickness numerous neuropsychological capacities can never again be estimated. Additionally crude reflexes, for example, handle and suck rise. Passing as a rule results from a sickness, for example, pneumonia which overpowers the constrained vegetative elements of the patient. Dementia is usually separated along two measurements: age and cortical level. The primary measurement, age, recognizes feeble and presenile dementia. Feeble dementia is utilized to portray patients who become insane after the age of 65, though presenile dementia applies to patients who become sick preceding that age. Late beginning AD (LOAD) otherwise called feeble dementia Alzheimer's sort (SDAT) is the dominating reason for decrepit dementia. Beginning stage AD (EOAD) is the most successive reason for presenile dementia, yet HD, Pick's ailment and Creutzfeldt-Jakob infection however not as continuous are likewise significant causes in presenile dementia. The subsequent measurement, cortical level, separates among cortical and subcortical dementia. Cortical dementia is utilized to portray dementia which results from cerebrum injuries at the cortical level, though subcortical dementia depicts dementia coming about because of subcortical mind sores. Promotion and Pick's illness are the most popular instances of cortical dementia; though HD, Parkinson's malady (PD), and dynamic supranuclear paralysis (PSP) are genuine instances of subcortical dementia (Mayke, 1994). Dementia with both cortical and subcortical highlights is likewise conceivable, all things considered the term blended dementia is utilized. MID is a typical case of blended dementia. Authentic advancements in dementia Pre-Modern Developments The utilization of the term dementia goes back to Roman occasions. The Latin word demens didn't initially have the particular implication that it does today. It signified 'being crazy' and, all things considered, was a general term for madness (Pitt, 1987). It was the encylopedist Celsus who first utilized the word dementia in quite a while De re medicina, distributed around AD 30. After a century the Cappadocian doctor Aretaeus first portrayed decrepit dementia with the word dotage (i.e., The dotage which is the catastrophe of old age...dotage initiating with mature age never intermits, however goes with the patient until death.). Inquisitively, dementia was referenced in many frameworks of mental characterization all through pre-present day times, however the exact significance of the word is frequently indistinct (Pitt, 1987). Nineteenth Century It tends to be contended that the starting points of the logical investigation of dementia go back to the mid nineteenth century. The underlying advances were attempted by the incomparable French specialist Pinel toward the start of that century. Pinel's perceptions drove him to the end that the term dementia ought to be applied according to the dynamic mental changes found in certain imbeciles (Pitt,3). Moreover, Pinel imagined that dementia was a particular unusual element, and in this way he utilized the term dementia to assign one of the five classes of mental unhinging. In any case, by applying the term dementia

The Nature of the Soul Free Essays

In St. Thomas Aquinas’ exhaustive Summa Theologica, the work comprises of a nitty gritty rundown that relates to the religious clarification on the thought of the presence of God and the connection among God and man. The summa likewise handles the awesome compromise of man and how it is accomplished through Christ. We will compose a custom paper test on The Nature of the Soul or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Aquinas additionally identifies the idea of God and evidences of his reality through inquiries bolstered by contentions and cases. This technique receives a few Aristotelian ideas where Aquinas clarifies the nature, beginning, and reason for the universe and how the totality of all ideas in a widespread presence as a necessary part in accomplishing that reason. Aquinas endeavors to clarify the totality of general presence of the spirit, the presence of God, and Catholic precepts through a rationalistic view. Aquinas endeavors to clarify the idea of the human spirit by placing seven inquiries combined with a few complaints so as to unmistakably characterize the soul’s nature. These inquiries pose to whether the spirit is a body and whether the spirit is a resource. Aquinas’ request is promoted into the subject of the spirits of savage creatures, if man’s soul is made out of body, soul, matter, and structure. The keep going two inquiries ask on the soul’s corruptibility and its correlation with the types of holy messengers. In the first place, Aquinas asks whether the spirit is a body and represents the accompanying protests. The spirit is a body since the spirit is the premier moving rule and the body can't act without a spirit. Consequently, if there is a thing that moves however not moved, as indicated by Aquinas, that thing is the primary driver of everlasting development. Thus, Aquinas demonstrates that the spirit is a body since the spirit is a mover that is moved, and each mover moved has a body. To advance the protest, Aquinas explains that information is brought about by similarity that is indispensable in expecting bodily things. â€Å"If, along these lines, the spirit were not a body, it couldn't know about bodily things† (Aquinas 663). The idea of the spirit at that point is characterized as the primary rule or pith that is available in everything that live, which Aquinas calls as vivify, which means having a spirit. The lifeless are those that have no life. Life is isolated by information and development. Besides, Aquinas reprimands the old logicians of keeping up the perfect that the spirit is bodily or determined in the physical viewpoint. â€Å"The savants of old, not having the option to transcend their creative mind, assumed that the rule of these activities was something physical; for they attested that solitary bodies were genuine articles, and that what isn't mortal is nothing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Aquinas 663). The antiquated thinkers (the pre-Platonics, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle) characterized the spirit as a material substance as a piece of the general request. On the off chance that the spirit isn't bodily or flanked by physical issue, at that point it can't be interpreted as something genuine. Aquinas dismisses this announcement by showing the distinction between the body and soul. â€Å"For plainly to be a standard of life, or to be a living thing, doesn't have a place with a body all things considered; since of, that were the situation, each body would be a living thing, or a rule of life† (Aquinas, 664). Subsequently, the spirit is the demonstration of the body, since the body in itself is the primary rule that characterizes life. Aquinas endeavors to separate the spirit between the vivify and lifeless just as the normal and nonsensical spirits. Interesting to people, man has will of reason or the capacity to conceptualize decision. This will of reason is additionally the levelheaded hunger of the person that endeavors to satisfy its motivation and achieving the great. Moreover, Aquinas answers his first protest through the spirit as something that is moved. Everything that moves is unquestionably moved by something different yet only one out of every odd mover is moved. Consequently, certain things stay fixed or changeless as an impact of going before causes. This clarifies the idea of the spirit as a thing that isn't basically moved yet moved inadvertently. The body is then a thing that is moved inessentially, in spite of the spirit. To be moved implies that the spirit goes from being a possibility to being genuine or real. The spirit rises above from real information through the keenness †irrelevant and all inclusive. Be that as it may, God is the wellspring of comprehension and hence is the main being able to do genuine comprehension. Besides, the spirit is separated into the psychological soul, wherein it has the decision of framing comprehension and sensation. In spite of Plato’s Theory of Forms where information is determined, Aquinas contends that genuine information originates from God: â€Å"Now took part presence is constrained by the limit of the participator, with the goal that God alone, who is his own reality, is unadulterated act and infinite† (Aquinas, 671). Information is then framed through the blend of the potential or uninvolved faculties (body) and the dynamic or real astuteness (soul). On the subject of the soul’s resource, Aquinas compares the spirit as a demonstration of understanding, implying that the spirit is the activity of the body. Subsequently, the spirit essentially gets spiritual (separate from the body) and subsistent. Man can just comprehend the idea of every physical thing through the body. â€Å"For obviously by methods for the astuteness, man can know about every single human thing. Presently whatever realizes certain things can't have any of them in its own inclination; since that which is in it normally would obstruct the information on anything else† (Aquinas, 665). Man’s encounters are then subject to the body, which is the main road in understanding the physical information, not quite the same as the comprehension of the spirit. Like the first contentions and complaints, man’s soul is discerning, and along these lines isolates itself from that of bestial explanation. â€Å"The body is important for the activity of the insight, not as its source of activity, yet with respect to the item; for the apparition is to the acumen what shading is for sight† (Aquinas, 666). Hence, these psychological pictures are fundamental in procuring information just as using the utilization of sense involvement with request to digest such structures for comprehension. On the thought of the soul’s moral soundness, Aquinas contends that the spirit might be defiled in two different ways: as such and unintentionally. He contends that any substance that can be defiled incidentally is unimaginable since debasement is considered as a thing, alongside presence. â€Å"Therefore, whatever has presence ‘per se’ can't be produced or ruined aside from ‘per se’; while things which don't remain alive, for example, mishap and material structures, secure presence or lost through the age or defilement of composite things† (Aquinas, 672). Man’s soul is then reliant on the emotional erotic experience that the individual encounters ordinarily in accomplishing the perfect since man is made in the picture and resemblance of God. The section additionally infers causal clarifications towards the idea of man’s choiceâ€that each activity comprises a response that fundamentally ‘corrupts’ the spirit of man. This defilement originates from man itself and not from another age or cause. The spirit stays unadulterated while the body encounters debasement on account of misdirecting erotic encounters that doesn't go about as universals. What's more, Aquinas includes that despite the fact that the spirit might be made by issue and structure, it despite everything stays morally sound for defilement has inconsistency. â€Å"Since age and debasement are from contraries and into contraries. Wherefore the brilliant bodies, since they have regardless of subject to contrariety, are incorruptible†¦there can be nor contrariety in the human spirit for it gets as indicated by the way of its existence†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Aquinas 673). The fulfillment of information lies in the idea of man’s soul where the scholarly capacity of the individual is a different element from that of the spirit while staying a piece of the spirit. The spirit is additionally the ability to reason, a comparative term utilized by Platonic thinkers and so forth as a methods for accomplishing information. Aquinas has indistinguishable likenesses with Aristotle from man’s embodiment is its judiciousness. Be that as it may, Aquinas doesn't add up to man’s sum with soundness, in spite of Aristotle. What's more, Aquinas likewise dismisses the idea of natural thoughts of Plato since the physical brain structures ‘phantasms’ that are gotten mental pictures from exotic experience. From this, individual structure uninvolved information as a matter of fact and the spirit structures dynamic information. â€Å"Further, if the spirit were subsistent, it would have some activity separated from the body. Nonetheless, it has no activity separated from the body, not even that of comprehension; for the demonstration of comprehension doesn't occur without a ghost, which can't exist separated from the body† (Aquinas, 665). These apparitions are not considered as all inclusive information since there is would be subjectivism rather than a target standard of truth. As per Aquinas, God is the main wellspring of information as opposed to an emotional arousing experience which repudiates the thought of a goal truth. The spirit is then a response, the unaffected article that awards considerable truth as it relates itself to the capacity of the body. In addition, the body is likewise an essential piece of information, as it gives sexy experience that straightforwardly hands deliberations. Despite the fact that sexy experience doesn't require in turning out to be widespread information, the soul’s dynamic mind channels the latent information on the body into one. In any case, despite the fact that sense experience is important in plan ph

Blog Archive Friday Factoid Student and Faculty Research at Tuck

Blog Archive Friday Factoid Student and Faculty Research at Tuck The Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College is known for its close-knit community and small faculty-to-student ratio. The school’s research-to-practice seminars complement these characteristics. An article on the school’s Tuck Today Web site explains that “International Entrepreneurship” was the first of several such seminars designed to give students insight into a real-world business issue. The seminars were conceived as a key component of the school’s strategic plan, Tuck 2012. The courses bring together 15 second-year students with top faculty for a “deep dive” into a specific topic. Research-to-practice seminars that were offered in recent years include the following: “Deconstructing Apple” “Organizational Alignment” “Economics of the Credit Crisis” “Time in the Consumer Mind” “Mergers and Acquisitions, Alliances, and Corporate Strategy” “Management and Dynamics of Multidisciplinary Teams” For more information on other defining characteristics of the MBA program at Dartmouth Tuck or one of 15 other top business schools, please check out the  mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Dartmouth College (Tuck) Friday Factoids Blog Archive Friday Factoid Student and Faculty Research at Tuck The Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College is known for its close-knit community and small faculty-to-student ratio. The school’s research-to-practice seminars complement these characteristics. An article on the school’s Tuck Today Web site explains that “International Entrepreneurship” was the first of several such seminars designed to give students insight into a real-world business issue. The seminars were conceived as a key component of the school’s strategic five-year plan, called Tuck 2012. The courses bring together 15 second-year students with top faculty for a “deep dive” into a specific topic. Research-to-practice seminars that were offered in 2014â€"2015 include the following: “Corporate Takeover” “Deconstructing Apple” “Management of Investment Portfolios” “Marketing Good and Evil: Consumer Moral Judgment and Well-Being” “Strategy in Innovation Ecosystems” “Time in the Consumer Mind” For more information on other defining characteristics of the MBA program at Dartmouth Tuck or one of 15 other top business schools, please check out the mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Dartmouth College (Tuck) Friday Factoids

Understanding Identity Asolitarist Approach - 1630 Words

When understanding identity a ‘solitarist approach is, in general, a very efficient way of misunderstanding nearly everyone in the world.’ As Amartya Sen explains, a single-minded ‘perception of oneness with our respective â€Å"civilizations†[sic]’ disregards the multiple and complex identities that belong to each human being. Sen states ‘it must also be recognized that reductionist cultivation of singular identities has indeed been responsible for a good deal of what we call â€Å"engineered bloodshed† across the world.’ History has demonstrated how a particular group identity becomes a target in war, for example, the Jews were persecuted during the Second World War, but it should be noted that before the war, 80% of the Jews were also German citizens. Furthermore, Sen advocates for a deeper understanding of the multiplicities of identities to combat the integration of violence geared toward the cultivated singularity. When conflict arises the identities of the opposing groups can become a target for attack. Neal Ascherson, declares that ‘war can damage two different, though related, types of identity: a social identity belonging to people within their community, and a collective or group identity which has been constructed around â€Å"high art† , considered to constitute a national heritage.’ Benedict Anderson describes modern nationalism as an imagined community, where although each person may not know one another in a nation-state, they share a common identity that is

The Role of Civil Society in Democracy - 2277 Words

The Role of Civil Society in Democracy Keith Sanders July 20, 2013 CIV 410 Victoria Labs As one looks at the history of democracy, it is common to detect an undertone, a rush of voices clamoring for purchase in the debate regarding how the country will be governed. It is my belief that this undertone is the footprint of civil society, a segment of democratic societies that often can be difficult to identify. Much has been said about how difficult civil society is to define. However, as I read the various definitions and came to my own conclusion, it seemed to me that we should look at civil society as the vital foundation on which democracy is built. There are definitely challenges and civil society is not perfect, but democracy itself is†¦show more content†¦I believe that Brian O’Connell elucidates an important pre-condition for the strong civil society that developed in this country when it was simply a part of the British Empire (O’Connell, 1999). When British settlers first came to North America, it was a largely untamed wilderness, and to som e degree the first settlers were entirely on their own, since many of them were religious dissidents, seeking a place to practice the faith they deemed to be correct. The colonies that were set up by the British largely came once they were made aware of the natural bounty that existed in North America. The first settlers’ isolation and the subsequent isolation that even the official British colonies experienced forced people to organize and to create associations; institutions such as churches, granges, unions, public services such as fire companies, sheriff’s offices, and militias (O’Connell, 1999). These institutions began to represent the American experience, as our means of socialization and support. Therefore, as I see it, civil society came first and in truth created the framework upon which our founding fathers laid our representative democracy. The groups and institutions that were created during the settling of North America gave America the confidence to legally declare its separation from Great Britain. As I see it, the successfulShow MoreRelatedCompetitive Authoritarianism And Political Authoritarianism869 Words   |  4 Pages1. competitive authoritarianism competitive authoritarianism Levitsky and Way describe, a competitive authoritarianism is, in essence, a democracy but it lacks proportional representation and most of the elections and government institutions are predisposed to only the elites. Juan Linz describes this as a diminished form of authoritarianism. 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Two Sides of The Same Coin The Courtier, Written by...

The Renascence was based on the idea of humanism, the human essence of men. The common ground that this definition had was based on the idea that the population is human and religion falls in the background. The idea that â€Å"simple† humans could be heroes comes to light and both Castiglione and Machiavelli describe the characteristic of this person. These two, based on the same subject they implement a different integrity on how to succeed. The Book of The Courtier, written by Castiglione, describes the characteristics necessary to be an honorable courtier. Among the characteristics of a courtier is modesty, grace, courage and appearance are described. One of the most important characteristics that must be embedded by a courtier is courage. Courage is the strength to despite the situation do what is right. Important because such trait makes it more than a hero it makes him powerful as through history we see people being quiet for money especially in the world of politics. Many times, the advisor is the real ruler as it has greatly influenced in the decisions taken by the ruler. Castiglione describes a man to be â€Å"perfect,† capable of excelling in every scope, outshining everything. As a result, the significance of â€Å"Humerism† or the universal man is generated. This fact explains the choice of describing a courtier, the person that advises the king, which at the same time highlights the importance of this person and its role in society. The indicated aspect shows the

Major Court and Tribunal Decisions †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Major Court and Tribunal Decisions. Answer: Introduction: It is important to state that from the very beginning that the subject-matter of administrative law relied upon the principles of fundamental values. In this regard, it is noteworthy to mention here that the principles of accountability, rationality, decision-making and rule of law are consistent with the concept of administrative justice. The concept and mechanisms of administrative law is a long debated topic which is a matter of concern for the contemporary authors[1]. The essay is commissioned to examine the mechanisms of administrative law which proved to be inefficient in providing appropriate justice to individuals. Therefore it can be agreed that an individual has to rely upon the Court of justice by ignoring the action taken by the Administrative tribunals. In order emphasize the action of the administrative tribunals it is important to explain the functionality. Administrative tribunals are regarded as governmental agencies specialized in dealing with judicial procedure that has been established under the legislative framework of federal and provincial government. However various public authorities and public boards are entrusted with the power of decision making which includes- administrative tribunals, administrative boards and other public bodies. It is noteworthy to mention here that the administrative tribunals follow the basic principles of common laws and applies the statutes accordingly. However, the procedural rules are also applicable and therefore the administrative tribunal is bound to follow the procedural constraints. Therefore, it can be stated that while performing judicial and quasi-judicial functions the statutory decision makers are governed by the principles of common law[2]. However, it can be observed that the dis puting parties sometimes require the formal procedures of Court for resolving the matter concerned. Therefore, in such cases the disputing parties are at the authority to question the administrative proceedings and the substantial question of law involved in relation to the principles of natural justice. In some cases it can be observed on the part of the administrative tribunals to contemplate a decision which is informal in nature. In such cases, the impact of the decision given by the administrative tribunal may be relatively minor as compared to courts and the parties involved in such administrative proceedings shall not be entitled to natural justice[3]. Therefore, in such cases the Courts are at the authority evaluate the legality of the decision given by the administrative tribunals by relying upon the doctrine of fairness. It can be rightly stated that Courts are entrusted with supervisory jurisdiction on the actions performed by the administrative tribunals, boards and other public bodies. However, in cases where the disputing parties are affected by the decision taken by the administrative tribunals may present an application before the Court to review the decision of the administrative tribunal. Such process is considered as judicial review which involves the application of both procedural judicial review and substantial judicial review. Procedural judicial review is conducted by the Courts when the decision taken by the administrative tribunal has not complied with procedural fairness. However, the process of substantive judicial review challenges the decision of the administrative bodies itself[4]. If it appears to the parties that there has been illegality and irrationality in the decision taken by the administrative tribunal, then the disputing parties are at the opportunity to apply for substan tial judicial review. It can be mentioned that the supervisory jurisdiction of the Courts over the administrative tribunals is governed by the rule of law. Therefore, the Parliament and the provincial legislatures do not have the authority to exclude the right to judicial review as the individuals are dependent on the rulings of the Court as they are at the impression that whether the administrative tribunals have acted according to the principles of law[5]. It can be stated that the right to exercise judicial review is discretionary and the Courts are at the authority to perform judicial review whenever necessary. In this regard, the standard of review can be emphasized which refers to the process of review that should be determined by the courts while deferring the decision made by an administrative authority rather than overriding the decision. The review of administrative action is approached by the Courts for the purpose of determining the issues in concern. Traditionally, the Courts applied the test of standard reasonableness and correctness in identifying that whether a decision is a subject to judicial review or not. However, it requires significant period for identifying the amount of unreasonableness and irrationality in the decision. Therefore, in order to deal with such confusion the standard of patent unreasonableness was enacted for the purpose of dealing with situations where the legislative framework contains a privative clause. The presence of the privative clause signifies that the decision made by the administrative authority cannot be reviewed by the Courts. Therefore the standard of patent unreasonableness prevents the intention of the legislature to exclude the practice of judicial review[6]. Therefore, privative clause may be include in the statute of a tribunal which limits the practice of judicial review thereby declaring the decision of the tribunal to be final and binding upon the parties. In relation to the privati ve clause the supervisory jurisdiction can be exercised by the Courts. However, the existence of a statutory right of appeal does not signify that that the decision taken by the administrative tribunal is final and binding. In this regard, the Court has the authority to refuse the application of judicial review of an administrative decision unless and until there has been exhaustion of statutory rights of appeal. The Courts are at the authority to consider the expertise of the tribunal in matters which involves the substantial question of law and fact. In this regard, if it comes to the knowledge of the Courts regarding the fact that the tribunal are not specialized to deal with specific matters then the Courts shall perform judicial review. In case where the issues contained in the matter in concern relates to the rights of the disputing parties, the intervention of Courts is required. In this regard, it is noteworthy to mention here that the remedial jurisdiction of the Court to perform judicial review is limited to the powers that have been depicted in the appropriate statute[7]. In this regard, an example of the powers of the Ontario Divisional Court can be illustrated which are outlined in Section 2 of the Judicial Review Procedures Act and in Section 18.1(3) of the Federal Court Act in case of Federal Courts[8]. It is important to state here that the Courts are entrusted with the power to grant relief against an order given by an administrative tribunal with an exception of costs. For instance, it may occur on the part of the Court to order an administrative tribunal to reconsider the matter and make the decision accordingly which may happen as a result of an application for judicial review applied by the parties to dispute. However, the Court does not provide limitations on an application from doing any act or refrain from doing any act in relation to the application for judicial review[9]. It is obvious that both the Federal Court and the Divisional Court are not at the authority to award damages on judicial review. However both the Federal Courts and the Divisional Courts are at the authority to make interim orders which includes both staying and suspending orders involving an administrative proceeding pending the application for judicial review. It can be rightly mentioned that the power of the Federal and Divisional Courts proved to be significant for two reasons. Firstly, the decision taken by an administrative authority shall not be pending to judicial review automatically. Secondly, most of the administrative tribunals are not entrusted with a power to make staying order of the decision made by them which is pending review. In such cases, if it appears to such administrative tribunal that it shall be appropriate to suspend the decision made by it while an application for judicial review is pending, then in this regard such tribunal has no authority. The Courts are only at the authority to suspend or stay an order. In order to proceed with the mechanisms of administrative law the fundamental elements of Australian administrative law can be emphasized- judicial review and merits review. The subject-matter of judicial review is concerned with the legitimacy of administrative decisions however the concept of merit review deals with the part of a decision carried out by different public authorities[10]. It is worth mentioning that the distinction between judicial and merit review enumerated as a result of the separation of powers which is commonly practiced in the Australian jurisdiction. The process of merit review is conducted in order to ensure the rationality or correctness of a legally sound decision made by a public authority. It is evident that the Administrative tribunals while conducting merit reviews do not follow the strict rules of evidence and therefore the process is less formal that is being followed in courts. In this regard mention can be made of few administrative tribunals involv ed in the process of merit review. These are the Administrative Appeals Tribunal (AAT), the Administrative Decisions Tribunal (ADT) and the Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal (VCAT). The fundamental principle of judicial review can be applied when the administrative tribunals abuse their powers by acting outside their jurisdictional limits. In this regard, the courts are vested with an authority to interfere with the decisions made by an administrative tribunal. However, the process of judicial review do not prevent the administrative bodies from making decisions, it prevents them from making any decision which is irrational and illegal[11]. Therefore, it can be rightly stated that the decision of an administrative tribunal can be interfered with if any illegality or irrationality is observed in the process. It was observed in R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Bentley [1994] QB 349[12] that the decision taken by the administrative tribunals by excludi ng the application of the principles of both common and statutory laws from the purview of judicial review. It was observed that the administrative tribunal refused to provide appropriate reasons for such exclusion of both common and statutory laws. Therefore, it was observed that further appeal was made to the Court of Justice and it was held that that the decision made by the administrative authority was illegal and irrational[13]. It is worth mentioning that the Courts are at the authority to set aside or quash an order if the decision taken is irrational or illegal. In Posner v Collector for Interstate Destitute Persons[14] it was held by the Court that the decision made by the administrative tribunal was outside its jurisdictional boundary and therefore was invalid. It is important on the part of the administrative authorities to provide appropriate reasons in regard to the decision taken by the administrative tribunals[15]. It is essential that the administrative authorities should provide appropriate justifications regarding the usage of common and statutory laws on which it relied upon in making decision. Therefore, it shall be easier for individuals to understand both the factual and legal conditions depicted in the decisions made by the administrative tribunals. In this regard, it is noteworthy to mention that the process of judicial review has been applied to the day to day issues faced by the government authorities. However, such activities could be easily recognized by the courts in a short span of period. In this context, the traditional inherent jurisdiction applied by the procedure of judicial review by the administrative tribunals could be easily restricted. The Court of Justice was at the authority to question the application of law applied by the administrative bodies in making decision. If the administrative tribunals exercised their powers outside their jurisdictional boundaries set by the provisions of statutory law and common law in regard to natural justice then the Courts could recognize such boundaries[16]. The cases involving procedural challenges can be interfered by the Courts by setting aside the decision made by the tribunals by applying the formal procedures. It can be emphasized that there is an opportunity on the part of an aggrieved party to present an appeal which involves substantial question of law before the Administrative Decisions Tribunal. In this regard, the appeal involving the question of law could be reviewed by the Administrative Decisions Tribunal (ADT). However various intricacies may arose that whether the appellant has identified the involved question of law. In some cases when no question of law is identified then it can be established there is no jurisdiction. In addition, it can be stated that individuals with lack of legal knowledge would face great difficulty in identifying the hidden question of law. In this regard, the aggrieved party can present further appeal before the Court in order in order to get relief. In this regard, it can be emphasized that the Administrative Decisions Tribunal (ADT) can provide various methods of alternative dispute resolution which includes- neutral-evaluation, conciliation and media tion. However, these methods of dispute resolution were considered to be less formal and therefore the decision made with the application of these methods cannot be relied upon[17]. The individuals relied on the decisions of the courts as the procedure was formal which included the application of both statutory and procedural laws[18]. Therefore it can be stated that there exists an interrelation between government administrative bodies and other independent authorities such as administrative tribunals and ombudsmen. However, in case the disputes are not resolved through the independent functionaries, the matter in dispute can be referred to the Courts. It is evident that in many countries the branch of administrative law is often treated as constitutional laws. It can be noted that from the very beginning the concept of administrative law is efficiently applied to the relationship between the citizens and the state[19]. In this regard, it is noteworthy to mention that the branch of the Australian constitutional law effectively interacts with the application of administrative law in many ways. For instance, mention can be made about the principles of a Communist Party which requires the decision of an executive to act near the boundaries of constitutional powers which in most of the cases are subjected to judicial review. Therefore, in this regard, question may appear that to what extent the principles of administrative justice can be secured by the constitution by establishing the process of judicial review in relation to the decision made by the administrative tribunals. Modern scholars are of the opinion that individuals have the right to appeal to the Courts in order for the purpose of seeking judicial review of the decisions taken by the executive which adversely affected their rights[20]. The appellant shall have the right to full appeal after the declaration of the initial decision taken by the administrative body. Therefore, the parties to dispute are at the authority to have the material facts and merits to be determined by the application of the Courts[21]. This can be only done by the parties to dispute only if the matter related appears to be utmost importance to the concerned parties. Therefore, the Constitution of Australia is vested with the power to allocate the federal legislative, the executive and judicial functions to the Commonwealth Parliament, the federal executive and the High Court and lower courts of Australia respectively. In R v Kirby; Ex parte Boilermakers Society of Australia (1956) 94 CLR 254[22] which is popularly known as the Boilermakers case was a landmark case in the history of Australia where the decision made by the Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration were held to be unconstitutional by the High Court of Australia. It was observed that the Boilermakers Society of Australia is a union which did not obey the orders given by the Commonwealth Court in regard to an industrial dispute which arose between the Boilermakers and the Metal Trades Employers Association. It was observed that the Boilermakers presented an appeal before the High Court by challenging the orders as they found the decision made by the Commonwealth Court to be invalid and irrational. In this case, it was held by the High Court of Australia that the judicial power entrusted to the Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration cannot be vested in a tribunal which exercises non-judicial functions. The High Court of Australia in this regard made a series of consideration for the purpose of resolving issues which involves the exercise of judicial power. The view of the decision maker occupies the central in the determination of the issue[23]. However, the consequences that shall affect the interests of the individuals could only be determined by employing judicial power. In the perspective of modern authors the application of judicial control can be excluded from the matter involved it was based on the application of executive power. In this regard, it can be noted that in case of settling industrial disputes, the final determination of the dispute can be only finalized by the judiciary and not by the executive. However, some scholars were of the opinion that according to the principles of Australian Law, the important decisions which require the application of law must be decided by the Courts. According to contemporary authors, the decision taken by the administrative tribunal has been considered to be insufficient to provide relief to the parties to dispute[24]. Therefore, according to the perspective of modern scholars, the decisions involving judicial review should be left for the Courts to decide. However, under the Australian Law, the exact amount of judicial control which is necessary in deciding a particular matter is unclearly depicted[25]. The matters involving substantial consequences shall be considered by the Courts however; in case if any restrictions are imposed on the Courts then the ability of the Courts to reconsider the matter shall be objected on constitutional grounds. In Cf Brandy v Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (1995) 183 CLR 245[26] the High Court of Australia provided favorable decisions in regard to attempts of the administrative bodies in conferring judicial powers upon non-judicial authorities. In this case it was observed that the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission is not vested with an authority to exercise judicial functions. It can be observed that in some cases the High Court of Australia held the decision of the administrative tribunals to be constitutional and rational. In Chu Kheng Lim v Minister for Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs it was held by the Court that the administrative authorities have acted within the executive powers by detaining the aliens while an executive determination was pending on their part. In this case the Court was at the authority to hold the decision taken by the administrative authorities to be outside the executive powers because the aliens could be deprived of their rights and interests without the application of judicial decision. However, the importance of immigration application cannot be ignored as it requires judicial control. The importance of executive powers exercised on the part of the administrative authorities has been observed in Wilson v Minister for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs (1996) 189 CLR 1[27]. According to the provisio ns of Section 75(v) of the Constitution of Australia the High Court is vested with original jurisdiction in matters involving writ of mandamus or injunction against an officer of Commonwealth. However modern jurists asserted that Section 75(v) do not provide any right to obtain mandamus or prohibition, it only provides with a jurisdiction. Most of the countries have adopted the principles of administrative law within their legal system. The Australian Constitution adopted the concept of administrative law and thereby applied innovative measures to uplift the accountability of the executive. With the development of the principles of common law and statutory laws in Australia in the past two decades there has been establishment of legislative and institutional framework as well for the purpose of providing administrative justice. In this regard, the application of administrative law has been implemented by the Judicial Review Act 1977 (Cth), the Administrative Appeals Act 1975 (Cth) and the Ombudsman Act 1976 (Cth)[28]. In this regard, it can be mentioned that the fundamental concept of administrative law was concerned with the rights of individuals. However, the administrative tribunals failed in their part to provide appropriate relief to the parties in dispute. In the perspectives of modern scholars the individuals are vested with the right to seek judicial review of a decision given by the administrative tribunal or any other government authorities that would adversely affect their rights to justice. In this regard, the parties to dispute are vested with the right to present an appeal before the Court questioning the substantial grounds of judicial review. Some authors were of the view that in cases where an appeal arises from the decision made by a government official to an administrative tribunal; the need to conduct judicial review arises in this context[29]. Therefore, in case of issues of importance arising between parties to dispute the Court shall be at the authority to review the legality and merits of the decision given by the administrative tribunal that is being challenged. It has been argued that the abovementioned statements exist efficiently in the subject-matter of administrative law of Australia. However, it has been alread y explained that Section 75(v) of the Australian Constitution grants the High Court with a constitutional jurisdiction for the purpose of ensuring lawful conduct on the part of the Commonwealth officers. It is noteworthy to mention here that such constitutional jurisdiction cannot be overridden by any existing clause which seeks to separate the functions of the executive from the purview of judicial review. In addition, it can be stated that in the absence of Section 75(v) there exists no other constitutional mechanism which will ensure that the principles of common law and the provisions of administrative justice are not eroded by the acts of the Parliament[30]. In recent era, several attempts were made by the Federal government for the purpose of removing decisions involving immigration issues from the scope of judicial review. In this regard the Courts of Justice were heavily criticized from time to time for making decisions by depending upon the grounds of policy and material facts rather than the grounds involving strict legality merits. Therefore, amendments were introduced to the Migration Act 1958 (Cth) in Part 8 in order to provide restrictions to the ground available to the Federal Court for judicial review which includes- breach of natural justice, irrationality and unreasonableness. However, the Migration Legislation Amendment Bill, 1998 initiated to replace Part 8 of the amendment with privative clause. In this regard, the Bill proposed that the jurisdictional power of the Federal Court shall be completely removed in reviewing the decisions taken by certain administrative tribunals[31]. Further the Bill prevented the intervention of the High Courts in matters in relation to the decision taken by the Federal Court. It is evident that administrative tribunals derive their powers from the legislative bodies for the purpose of adjudicating matters which are complex in nature and comprises of specialized areas. In this regard, it is worth mentioning that the decisions and actions of the administrative tribunals are often challenged by the disputing parties due to the nature of the decision. In Ontario (Energy Board) v Ontario Power Generation Inc., 2015 SCC 44[32] is a Canadian case study in which it was observed that the administrative tribunal defended its own decision by conducting the process of judicial review. It was observed in this case that the Ontario Power Generation sought judicial review regarding the decision of the Board as the decision was granted in favor of the Board. In this regard, the Ontario Power Generation challenged the decision of the tribunal by presenting an appeal before the Supreme Court of Canada. Therefore, it was held that the decision of the administrative tribunal can be challenged before the higher authorities for further appeal. In the conclusion it can be stated that in practice the mechanisms of administrative law do not provide relief to the disputing parties efficiently and therefore the disputing parties in most of the cases seek relief from the Courts by ignoring the decision provided by the principles of administrative tribunals. References: Chu Kheng Lim v Minister for Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs 110 ALR 97 Ontario (Energy Board) v Ontario Power Generation Inc., 2015 SCC 44 Posner v Collector for Interstate Destitute Persons (1947) ALR 61 R v Kirby; Ex parte Boilermakers Society of Australia (1956) 94 CLR 254 R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Bentley [1994] QB 349 Wilson v Minister for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs (1996) 189 CLR 1 Almqvist, Jessica. "A Human Rights Appraisal of the Limits to Judicial Independence for International Criminal Justice." Leiden Journal of International Law 28.1 (2015): 91-112. Amoroso, Daniele. "Judicial Abdication in Foreign Affairs and the Effectiveness of International Law." Chinese Journal of International Law 14.1 (2015): 99-134. Asimow, Michael. "Five models of administrative adjudication." The American Journal of Comparative Law 63.1 (2015): 3-32. Bernatt, Maciej. "Transatlantic Perspective on Judicial Deference in Administrative Law." Colum. J. Eur. L. 22 (2015): 275. Bosland, Jason, and Jonathan Gill. "The principle of open justice and the judicial duty to give public reasons." Melb. UL Rev. 38 (2014): 482. Buck, Trevor, Richard Kirkham, and Brian Thompson. The ombudsman enterprise and administrative justice. Routledge, 2016. Bunjevac, Tin. "From individual judge to judicial bureaucracy: The emergence of judicial councils and the changing nature of judicial accountability in court administration." UNSWLJ 40 (2017): 806. Busch, Jost-Dietrich. "Vi the administration of justice in the federal system of the federal republic of germany." A Comparative Study: 139. Bateman, Will, and Leighton McDonald. "The Normative Structure of Australian Administrative Law." Fed. L. Rev. 45 (2017): 153. Cane, Peter. "Records, Reasons and Rationality in Judicial Control of Administrative Power: England, the US and Australia." Israel Law Review 48.3 (2015): 309-328. Dalal, Seema. "Administrative law and judicial review of administrative action with a special emphasis on the writ of certiorari." Daly, Paul. "Best Practices in Administrative Decision-Making: Viewing the Copyright Board of Canada in a Comparative Light." (2016). Ebisui, Minawa, Sean Cooney, and Colin Fenwick. "1. Resolving individual labour disputes: A general introduction." Resolving Individual Labour Disputes: 1. Freckelton, Alan. "The chancing concept of'unreasonableness' in Australian administrative law." AIAL Forum. No. 78. Australian Institute of Administrative Law, 2014. Galligan, Brian, and FL Ted Morton. "Australian exceptionalism: Rights protection without a bill of rights." Protecting Rights Without a Bill of Rights. Routledge, 2017. 27-50. Gardbaum, Stephen. "Separation of powers and the growth of judicial review in established democracies (or why has the model of legislative supremacy mostly been withdrawn from sale?)." The American Journal of Comparative Law 62.3 (2014): 613-640. Guglyuvatyy, Evgney, and Chris Evans. "Administrative approaches to tax dispute resolution: alternative perspectives from Australia and Russia." J. Comp. L. 10 (2015): 365. Hooper, Grant Robert. "Judicial Review and Proportionality: Making a Far-Reaching Difference to Administrative Law in Australia or a Misplaced and Injudicious Search for Administrative Justice?." (2017). Johnston, Peter, and Peter McNab. "The evolution of state adjudicative power as an alternative to state judicial or administrative power." AIAL Forum. No. 81. Australian Institute of Administrative Law, 2015. Kirkham, Richard, and Alexander Allt. "Making sense of the case law on Ombudsman schemes: The Ombudsman, Tribunals and Administrative Justice Section." Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law 38.2 (2016): 211-227. Mead, Joseph, and Nicholas A. Fromherz. "Choosing a Court to Review the Executive." (2015). Opeskin, Brian. "State of the Judicature: A Statistical Profile of Australian Courts and Judges." Revista Forumul Judecatorilor (2014): 133. Preston, Brian J. "Characteristics of successful environmental courts and tribunals." Journal of Environmental law 26.3 (2014): 365-393. Price, Zachary S. "Law Enforcement as Political Question." Notre Dame L. Rev. 91 (2015): 1571. Scott, Katharine, and Tom Tabori. "Alternatives to Litigation in Public Law Disputes." Sutherland, Carolyn, and Joellen Riley. "Major court and tribunal decisions in Australia in 2015." Journal of Industrial Relations 58.3 (2016): 388-401. Welch, Michael. "Economic man and diffused sovereignty: a critique of Australias asylum regime." Crime, Law and Social Change 61.1 (2014): 81-107.

Organizational Leadership an Example of the Topic Career by

Organizational Leadership by Expert Prof Nelly | 02 Dec 2016 As we look towards the world today, we see many people running after success and dignity. According to Maslows hierarchy of need he explains that each inpidual has some need and once the bottom need is satisfied, the person tries to fulfill the upper level need. But as we talk about the higher level people they are in search of the Self esteem and Self actualization need, while the lower level people are basically in search of their physiological, Safety and Social needs. And thats how we define a job of a leader. A leader is the one who satisfy or influences a group of people working under him to achieve a specific goal. A leader is the one who can motivate people to accomplish a purpose within time boundaries and maintaining their level needs without ignoring their desires. He is the one who leads and asks everyone to follow him and tag along the rules he desires, but not only this a leader should have a complete knowledge of the goal hes planning on and a deep-rooted commitment to wards the task and should strive to achieve it no matter if his followers denies to do so. (Stephen P. Robins, pg 316) Need essay sample on "Organizational Leadership" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed According to Websters Dictionary, a leader is a person who exerts authoritative decisions and with the help of good, motivating examples uses his talents and plays a direct role in order to achieve a specific set of goals. It further says that leadership is that component of ones personality that causes a group of people to follow. A good, successful leader has three major attributes Dedication, Passion and Charisma. Leaders play many personality roles at a time, they are also observed as being good and evil. Some examples of great leaders are Mahatma Gandhi, Quaid-e-Azam who devoted their entire lives on a mission and accomplished their goals. Abraham Maslow: who gave the basic theory about the needs of each inpidual, working in organizations. Jerry Yang: who gave the idea of Yahoo.com There are many leaders in the world history and many more will come with time. As we take a look over the past few years, we encounter many innovations, and changes in the organizational behavior. We have seen governments changing from autocratic to democratic; these changes are due to the great leaders who came up with the concept of self-governing. (Kotler, pg 596) After featuring to what leadership is, now coming towards what influence is. Influence is when an inpiduals behavior is somewhat changed by the impact of his peers, organizations, political environment, social gatherings etc. Influence is basically catching other persons personality or getting inspired by the person. It does not always result in a positive manner. A famous quote simplifies it further A person is known by the company he keeps, this shows that an inpiduals behavior is mixture of his nature as well as his surroundings and heredity. But it depends on an inpidual that to what extend he/she believes that they need to change their attitude or behavior in order to adjust in an organization, and carry out specific tasks. It depends on the leader that up to what degree he tries to influence his followers and how lasting his influence is on his followers. (Kotler, pg591) We cannot say that leadership is another word for influence because a good leader is a person who influences others in order to get through a particular task in a most effective manner, but this influence can be good or bad. To every action theres a reaction, same is the case with influencing, but here dependent variable is the reaction which is highly dependent on the determination of responder, which could be equal or may be opposite to what the leader has expected. A leader has the right to express preferences or give examples by using models to whatever he considers is appropriate but this is not guaranteed that the outcome would be the same what he was actually waiting for. The real job of a leader is not just influencing but to tolerate every intrinsic and extrinsic influence, and maintaining a level of distance and controlling all the risks that come from the exerting sources. (Robins, pg 335) A leader should be mixture of good nature and a leading attitude, a leader should have a quality of motivating others without hurting their needs and desires, an ideal leader should be the one who can easily feel the need of their followers and shows them that he is acting in their interest, the leader should be clever, spontaneous, sharp and he should know the value of time. A person who knows how to lead a group of people, he can lead by the help of good examples and setting up great examples for others, examples of honesty, sincerity, truth, devotion etc. He should have a positive attitude which can help him to deal with thorny problems. He should be quick in decision making and should have a clear cut idea of the problem and its origination. A leader is the one who coaches other, he never says I he always says WE. A leader should set a path of guidelines for his followers so that in outlook everyone remembers his good deeds. On the contrary, a good follower is the one who accepts the orders of his leader with full devotion and respect. We have seen examples where a leader gets annoyed and use abusive words which are intolerable for a follower; in such cases a follower should challenge these flaws with a firm attitude. This can also help the leader in making his leadership behavior more accurate and effective. The followers respect and commitment plays a great deal in an organization. A good follower is a good leader in the future; it gives cohesive grounds to the person and he could implement all the ideas and strategies he experienced in his past. And it is often the most rewarded time of a leaders career. (Kotler, pg 348) Traditionally, organizations were using the theories of leadership, but know the system has moved to practicality. We now need practical, convenient examples of great leaders. We have seen many and still the world asks for more. Organizations can achieve good leaders if they arrange proper training programs for the top-level managers so that they could implement new strategies in the department. The training programs should include about the decision making process within time boundaries and effective use of recourses. Training should include; on the job and off the job training programs and a sensible use of such training in everyday assessment. Leaders should know about the different roles they play in an organization. They should have a straightforward and precise idea of what role to be implemented in what situation. If the decision is about an acquisition of a fixed-asset; the leader should know how and where is to be purchased and he should also have a keen knowledge about the budget as well. But when a decision is to taken in a war, a leader has to be quick and sharp and should order his team in a millisecond. A leader can be a liaison, resource manager, an initiator, a trouble shooter etc. As Kotler mentions that a leader is the one who copes up with change, as change is always resisted at first and is not welcomed by the employees so it is the role of a leader that how he motivates his team to accept the change because it hinders progress. Stephen P. Robbins also states that there are six important tactics that need to be implemented in order to accept the change, the tactics are: communication, education, facilitation and support, negotiation, participation, manipulation and cooptation. Man agement should arrange such training programs and workshops that can educate leaders on each of his roles and each of the six tactics he can use in order to alter his styles. (Robbins, pg 218) Leaders can mould an organization if they want. A leader has great powers and their one reaction or initiative can turn the organization. How to train an employee, what to teach them and how to evaluate is the job of a leader. To be a good leader a person needs to be a good human being because this is only way by which he would be able to understand the desires and wants of his employees. (MacGregor, pg. 112) Work Cited James M. Kouzes, Barry Z. Posner. Leadership Challenge. (July 2003) Jossey-Bass Inc. pg 95 James MacGregor Burns. Leadership (August 1978) Harper Collins, pg. 53 Jim Collins. Good to Great: Why some companies make the Leapand others dont (October 2001) Publisher: Harper Collins, pg. 80 Rudolph W. Giuliani, Ken Kurson. Leadership, (October 2002) Publisher: Miramax Books, pg. 180 Virginia P.Richmond, James C. McCroskey, LindaL. McCroskey. Organizational communication for Survival: making Work, work. (July, 2008). Allyn and Bacon, Inc. pg 200

Dark Side of Nowhere Summary essays

Dark Side of Nowhere Summary essays This book starts out with a boy named Ethan dieing and everybody said it was appendicitis however later Jason and some others realized it wasnt. Jason didnt like his life because he thought it was too boring and he thought his parents were too nice because they never punished him too badly. Also at Ethans wedding, Jason wondered why Ethans parents didnt cry but his dad said it was shock however later Jason learned Ethan hadnt died at all. At a Little League game in Billington, Jason got in a fight with a boy because that boy was insulting the pitcher who was the girl that Jason liked. He got badly beat up and he went to the restroom to take care of the bruises that he had gotten. Then his school janitor, Mr. Grant, walked inside the restroom and gave Jason a glove that shot out BBs however Jason learned that the glove shot BBs by himself. He also told him to meet by a barn in a place called Old Town to learn what to do with it. The next day, Paula, the pitcher that Jason liked, went to Jasons house and told him he ruined her no-hitter yesterday. She was turning to leave but Jason wanted her to stay there so he decided to show her the glove Grant had given him even though Grant said not to show anyone the glove. He went to the back of his backyard and showed it to her. Then they went to Old Town because they got carried away in a game when Paula took the glove because she wanted to know where Jason had gotten the glove. They went into Old Town and they found many sightings that were weird such as a picture of a person that looked exactly like Billy Chambers who was a kid that went to their school and they saw a message carved into a wall that said, God Help Us. At school the next day, Jason said he had to get his monthly shots so he couldnt help Paula search around Old Town. Jason and everybody else who did receive them thought they were fo...

Murder of JonBenet Ramsey Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Murder of JonBenet Ramsey - Case Study Example Prior to the discovery of the body, the Ramsey's found a ransom note in the basement from â€Å"a foreign faction† demanding $118,000.00 for the safe return of Jon Benet (â€Å"JonBenet Ramsey Would Have Turned 22 Years Old This Week; Murder Case Remains Unsolved†, 2012). This particular piece of information pertaining to the ransom amount was a red flag for the police at the time. The amount was the exact amount that John had just received as a bonus earlier in the year, this coincidence led to the speculation that somehow, the person involved in the crime knew the Ramsey's on a personal level (Stuart, 2012). But without a follow up call on the ransom note, the Ramsey family decided that it would be in the best interest of all concerned to inform their family and friends of the situation while also preparing to follow the instructions for the ransom demand. The police began an intensive search for the child within hours only to have her father inform them that he had f ound the body of the child in the basement. The official cause of death is listed as asphyxiation due to craniocerebral trauma. But a more in-depth look at the autopsy records reveals that the child also suffered from a skull fracture and severe blunt trauma. Evidence gathered at the crime scene included a garrote made from tweed and the broken handle of a paintbrush that is believed to have been used to penetrate the child's vagina. Although there was penetration, the police could not accurately declare if sexual assault was one of the horrors that the child suffered in the hands of her abductors (Montaldo, 2013). Although a majority of the evidence collected by the police indicated that a stranger had caused the death of JonBenet, there were still certain things that led the district attorney to question the abduction theory because of the way the child's body was recovered at home. Somehow, the evidence that the DA was seeing did not add up to an abduction scenario. Rather, the s ights of the police investigating the case, and the media for that matter, then centered on the possibility that one or both parents of JonBenet had caused her death. Although the authorities and media fed the public lines that led those outside of the case to believe that Patsy and John had possibly murdered their daughter in cold blood, the courts saw otherwise. Patsy, who died of cancer in 2006, and John were exonerated by the federal courts in May 2003 due to lack of strong evidence to support the parent murderer theory (Montaldo, 2013). Their total exoneration came as new DNA evidence in the case was presented, proving that traces of DNA not belonging to family members was found on the preserved clothing of JonBenet (Gardner, 2010). With the discovery of new DNA evidence in the case, one can clearly see that, had the police not set upon a trial by publicity on the Ramsey's and concentrated instead on actual police investigation, they would have caught the actual perpetrator(s) in the case. During the course of the first investigation of the case, the police had conducted more than a few blunders that influenced the case and set upon creating a publicity machine using false leaked information to crucify the suffering parents instead. First of all, because Boulder, Colorado was known back then as a relatively peaceful and safe place for its

Biography of an African Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Biography of an African - Essay Example These facts, combined with continued political struggles in Ethiopia, make bringing books to children rather difficult, to say the least. Yohannes Gebregeorgis fell in love with books at the age of 19 when someone loaned him a romance novel. While his childhood in Ethiopia was happy, books were rare, and reading a romance novel simply for the pleasure of it sparked his later commitment to sharing that experience with as many of his fellow countrymen as possible (Coeyman, 2002). Gebregeorgis fled his native country and emigrated to the United States in 1982, where he earned a master’s degree in library science. He found his calling when he joined the San Francisco Public Library’s children’s department. He worked there for more than a decade before a good idea took his life down a different path. A colleague asked Gebregeorgis to make a list of Ethiopian children’s books so the library could add them to the collection. When he found none after months of searching, Gebregeorgis used his disappointment in a positive way by setting up a publishing group and the Ethiopian Books for Children and Educational Foundation in 1998 (Coeyman, 2002; EthiopiaReads.org, 2008; Reading Today, 2008). As with almost all grass-roots non-profits dedicated to such a specific task, no matter how worthy the endeavor money was hard to raise. Gebregeorgis did what all grass-roots fundraisers do: he didn’t wait for the big donors to come through; he developed a fundraising vehicle of his own. â€Å"Kilu Mammo† (â€Å"Silly Mammo†) grew out of this dream, for both its literary value and its fundraising appeal. The EBCEF made this simple story its first imprint in 1998 (Reading Today, 2008). The publishing group has since published books written in Amharic as well as Oromo and Tigrignya (Tigrigna), three of the many languages spoken in Ethiopia, in

Develop A Sustainable Tourism Industry In The Antarctic Tourism Essay

Develop A Sustainable Tourism Industry In The Antarctic Tourism Essay The purpose of this paper is to do research of the tourism industry in Antarctica continent according to the research question of How to develop a sustainable tourism industry in the Antarctic? It is a fundamental to have cooperation from every organization related to Antarctica tourism. Since the continent has been consider as fragile and being the most valuable spot to humankind for exploration in many aspects such as environmental issues. Moreover, the management in this region is quite interesting as there are no permanently resident livings, and seven countries making territory claims during the first half of 20th century. In conclusion, the perspectives from tour operators, tourists and the organizations that work closely to Antarctica are very important to improve and preserve as the world heritage site. Antarctica is the most isolated continent that covers the bottom of the globe; it is also commonly known as the South Pole. It is the coldest, windiest, highest and driest place on Earth with no permanent inhabitants living there. Therefore, it is a challenge to explore Antarctica because of the coldest weather and beautiful scenery with ice covering all region, interesting local animals and plant survival in such area. Travel to Antarctica is one kind of adventure tourism and in the mean time, this can also be education tourism as scientists from all over the world come to study the organism and ecosystem. Antarctica is quite expensive to travel to but most of the visitors find that their experiences are exceed their expectations (Lonely Planet, 2010). This paper also points out about the negative impacts from tourism on Antarctic, especially from human activities toward its environment and means of protecting it. Not only in the Antarctic but also all over the world have concern been expressed about the climate change and global warming. Ozone depletion and melting glaciers are the serious environmental problems to this continent as well. We will see how tourism developments in the Antarctic happen and how to maintain sustainable tourism in this region. There are no restaurants, theaters or shopping malls, what attracts tourists to go there. All of the information above can be found in this paper. Brief Information and Background about Antarctica Timeline History The ancient Greeks who first came up with the idea of this continent named Arktos have known about Antarctica since 350 B.C., but they never actually went there. In the year 1773, James Cook circumnavigated Antarctica that means he was the first person to cross the Antarctic circle. He made a comment: I make bold to declare that the world will derive no benefit from it (cool Antarctica, 2001). In 1820, the Antarctic continent was first seen by human eyes from three men whose separate voyages had been given credit that year. During the years 1840 to 1914 there were many historic trips from the travelers eager to explore the continent and many trips failed and tragedy happened such as a ship that sank and the crew perished because they couldnt stand with the extremely cold weather. The first airplane flight was made by Sir George Hubert Wilkins in the year 1928. December 1, 1959, the Antarctic Treaty was signed to establish the legal framework for the management of Antarctica. In 1991, twenty-four countries signed an agreement that barred exploration for oil or mineral deposit for 50 years (Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 1999). Antarctica Geography, Wildlife and Flora Antarctica is centered on the geographical South Pole with 13.9 million square kilometers or approximately twice the size of Australia. For millions of years snow and ice have built up, making the continent entirely covered by an ice sheet comprises about 98% of Antarcticas surface which is about 95% of the worlds fresh water reserves. The lowest temperatures can drop down as -89.6Â °C. Antarctica is ranked as the fifth largest of the seven continents. The continent lacks an indigenous human population, but is home to millions of penguins, seabirds, seals, whales and temporary home to thousand of scientists and their support staff. The hallmark wildlife of Antarctica is penguins with seven species, only the male hatch single egg for nine weeks on their feet. Penguins feed heavily on fish, squid and crustaceans, its natural enemies are seals and killer whales. Watching flying seabirds is one of the popular activities for tourists while wandering on the cruise. The albatross is the largest flying sea bird with 4 meters wingspan. Other fascinating marine animals are Antarctic seals, using sonar for feeding, mainly on fish, squid and krill (a key species for Antarctic ecosystem). During the 19th and 20th centuries, seals were heavily hunted for their skins, fur and oil, driving them almost to extinction. Today, seals are protected by the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals, which allows a small quota for scientific examination. The biggest warm-blooded mammals on this continent are whales. They live their entire lives in the water and has a lifespan between 20 and 40 years up to 80. Antarctica has be en declared an international whale sanctuary with whaling activities closely monitored by the International Whaling Commission (IWC) (Antarctic Connection, 2010). Many people may be confused and think that there are polar bears in Antarctica but it was wrong because polar bears only live in the North Pole. Because of the hostile climate, not many plants can grow well since only approximately 2% of Antarctica is ice-free. There are only two native plants that can grow a grass and a cushion forming pearlwort (laws, 1989). Mosses, liverworts and lichens are the greatest interest to tourist for photography (Bauer, 2001) as they add some color to the region rather than white from the ice sheet. There are some measures to protect Antarctic wildlife and nature such as: Do not use aircraft, small boats to disturb wildlife, either sea or land and do not make any loud noise to frighten them. Do not feed, touch seals, penguins and birds or make anything to cause them to alter their behavior. Do not damage plants or bring non-native plants or animals into the Antarctic. Tourism in Antarctica and its development Antarctica can be referred to a fragile and unknown continent (Bauer, 2001). The Antarctic tourism industry began in the late 1950s when Chile and Argentina took more than 500 passengers to the South Shetland Islands. The world first expedition ship called Lindblad Explorer was designed in 1969 for carrying tourists to the Antarctic; this was in the period of modern cruise industry. Since then, the number of tourists has grown from a few hundred to more than 30,000 each year as shown in figure 1 below. Tourism continues to expand; WTO (2000) forecast estimated that about 1.56 billion tourists would arrive by the year 2020. Figure 1: The statistics of tourists to Antarctica by nationality in 2008-2009 (source: IAATO) Large scale and uncontrolled tourism can have a destructive impact on the continents environment. Therefore, all of the shipping companies, travel agencies, yachts and air operations have become members of International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators or IAATO founded in 1991 to promote and practice safe and environmentally responsible action in the Antarctic (IAATO, n.d.). No visa is required for travelling to Antarctica, but travelers have to check with the tour operator in case they make stops at other countries. Travel insurance is highly recommended. Late October through early April is suitable time to travel because it is the ice recede period, days are long up to 24 hours of daylight in December and January. The gateway ports to Antarctic region include Valparaiso, Chile; Ushuaia, Argentina and Invercargill / Bluff; New Zealand (Travel and Leisure, 2010). Antarctica is an almost completely inaccessible destination with no land connections or regular commercial flights. Therefore, the only way to experience Antarctica is by joining a program conducted by tour operators: cruises, yachts, over flights without landings. With the absence of a local Antarctic population, one interesting question is; Who will benefit from Antarctic tourism activities? In my opinion, the one who will get the benefit from Antarctic tourism is the tour operator in the term of economics but in the meantime, the tourist will also gain their truly spectacular experience where it cannot be bought. As mentioned in the introduction, travelling to Antarctica can be categorized as adventure and education tourism because of its geography surrounding natural laboratories for scientific research, which cannot be done anywhere else on Earth. The research involves government agencies, private industry, scientists and students from the university faculties. The most interesting research falls among the following subjects: geology, glaciology, oceanography, astronomy, meteorology, atmospheric sciences, biology and medical science (Antarctic Connection, 2010). Therefore, most of the tourists going to Antarctica are scientists and student groups to discover case studies and learn from real experience. What make people want to visit Antarctica once in a lifetime and what are the activities for the tourist while they are here will be described. People who love adventure, challenge and want to explore the extraordinary experience will plan their trip here. Gunn (1988) describes attraction as on location places in regions that not only provide things for tourists to see and to do but also offer the magnetism for travel. The attractions is the most powerful component of supply side of tourism Here are the lists of tourist attractions in Antarctica; Natural Attractions tourist can watch a great natural view from the tall mountains, massive glaciers, ice shelves, huge floating icebergs, flora, seabird, seals and penguins. Scientific Research Stations the popular stations for tourist are the Argentinean and Esperanza. Visits to scientific stations provide a chance to meet inhabitants who spent long periods of their time and have another opportunity to discuss and exchange their travel experience in this region. Historic Sites, Monuments and Huts where the explorers left behind, the most frequently visited huts is the one built by Scott and Shackleton on Ross Island. One concern problem is that too many visitors may damage the sites, therefore the 33 historic huts and sites are managed by the New Zealand Antarctic Heritage Trust and restrict for the maximum number of visitors inside the huts and to ensure that the number is not exceeded (Bauer, 2001). Whaling Station Whaling has become unacceptable for conservationists and these mammals are nearly extinct, but stations such as Whalers Bay and Stromness are included in many cruise itineraries. Travelling to Antarctica is risk-taking; as a result, a professional tour operator that prepares all the necessary equipment and contingency plan is recommended. Before planning to go to Antarctica, the tourist should prepare and know their capabilities. Health check-up is essential, and thick clothes are very important to keep the body warm. Bear in mind that an accident can happen at any time. Respect the regulations strictly such as do not walk onto glaciers, where you can fall into hidden crevasses. Environmental Impacts from Antarctica Tourism Many principal causes from the tourism can impact the ecosystem of Antarctica; for example pollution through sewage, fuels, oil, waste and noise from the transportation and human both tourists and scientists. Moreover, introduction of non-native soils, plants and animals, or even travel on foot and disturbance of local bird or seal breeding colonies also cause an impact. This is a very serious problem to the earth as it may destroy nature and accumulate into a big issue. Hence, it is one of the tour operators responsibilities to explain, train and advise the tourists how they have to behave during the trip. The information must contain clear, useful information of do and dont in Antarctica with the reason at the end so that the tourist will understand what will affect the environment if they break the rules. Climate change involves human interventions such as the emissions of greenhouse gases; the experience from National Antarctic Programs over the two decades demonstrates that reducing greenhouse gas emissions from human activities in Antarctica can yield huge benefits to global environment. Also all economic activities such as fisheries should be managed in a preventive way. According to the research, during the years 2004-2005 approximately 50,000 tourists traveled to Antarctica, therefore the average of each person emission of CO2 was 4 tons during their stay, which usually lasted several months (Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition, 2009). Glacier melt and ozone depletion are major problems to Antarctica as it affect the living creature. The main cause is from global warming that accelerate the melting of glaciers. Those effects include excessive flooding, rise in sea level and habitat loss (Buzzle, 2010). Chlorofluorocarbon or CFCs found in aerosol sprays, air conditioning systems and refrigerators is a major cause of the destruction of the ozone layer over Antarctica. There is an isolated region in the atmosphere which had a circular motion called polar vortex and researchers believe that the gases will float about 20-50 km above the ground towards Antarctica, thus, creating a big hole above (thinkquest, 2010). Moreover, poor visitors management can cause ecology damage such as stepping on the moss can affect its slow growing, disturbing wildlife can affect their behavior and their breeding, rubbish and waste from the ships and cruises can distort the balance of ecology. Even an accident such as oil spill and chemical leak can have a big impact, as it will take a long time to disappear from the sea surface (Gee, 2003). Future forecast for Antarctica in the year 2100 are 33% reduction of sea ice, all main krill will experience food limitations, and the number of mike whale will be depleted by 5-30%. A possible adaptation is to protect the area and maintain stable sea ice, control human activities to minimize impact and to implement appropriate biosecurity measures. Antarctica plays an important role in the Earths climate system as the research is crucial for understanding global warming, in conclusion it need to be monitored closely for every activity occurring in Antarctica. Regulation of Antarctic Tourism under the Antarctic Treaty System Antarctica is different from any other place in the world; it is a continent that is not owned by any country, organization or individual. The unique political situation makes the management of tourism activities here unlike any other tourist destinations. Seven countries making territory claims in Antarctica: Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway and the United Kingdom. The treaty was signed on December 1, 1959 with a total of 44 countries signing the treaty; 7 claim territory in Antarctica, 12 are Original Signatories and 27 are Consultative Parties (Australian Antarctic Division, 2000). The Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties (ATCPs) hold annual meetings to discuss issues and make recommendations to each partys government for the management of Antarctic affairs. The Treaty describes measures for rules setting to each area for proper use of the environment (Australian Antarctic Division, 2000). The main objectives of Treaty state that Antarctica is to be used for peaceful purposes and prohibit for military activities or any weapons, there are freedom for scientific research and scientific information sharing, radioactive and nuclear materials are banned (skwirk, 2010). It is good to have at least one organization to control and be responsible for the remote land like Antarctica otherwise there would not have been the land left until the present time. U.S diplomats proposed expanding the 50 years old of Antarctic Treaty System to include the restrictions on tourism. The Obama administration pushing the limits on the size of cruise ships sailing and the number of passengers bring to ashore to protect Antarcticas environment under international law restriction on tourism. The purpose is to minimize the accidental of marine oil spills to ensure that the tourism is responsible in safety and environmentally (fox news, 2010) Figure 2.1: Antarctica Territorial Claims (Source: Australia Antarctic Division) Figure 2.2: Antarctica Seven Countries Territorial Claims Figure 2.1 shows the big picture of the Antarctica and the Southern Ocean Territorial Claims by seven countries where figure 2.2 shows the small picture of those seven countries claims for clearly illustrate. Not many places in the Earth where there has never been war, the environment is flawlessly and fully protected which is the place where scientific research has full authority such like Antarctica. Because of no original inhabitant in this region, there should be some government sector to operate and monitor on it. The objectives of the Treaty is to ensure that the area is zone free for nuclear test and used the area for peaceful mission only, to promote international scientific and to set aside disputes over territorial sovereignty. Is Tourism in Antarctica Sustainable? And how to develop a sustainable tourism industry in the Antarctic Over the past few decades, tourism industry is one of the worlds fastest growing industries. So far, Antarctica is one of a few areas in the world that remained untouchable whereas the number of tourists has been steadily increasing according to the statistics from the beginning of Antarctic tourism in 1960s until now. The major environmental impact in Antarctic is from tourism; therefore sustainable tourism has been introduced and integrated into this area. Sustainable Tourism is an effective balance among economic, environmental and socio-cultural aspects of tourism development to ensure that there is less impact to the place visited and to guarantee long-term benefits for all community involved (UNWTO, 2004), including continue keeping the natural resources for our next generation to be seen as well as we have seen it today. Sustainability becomes the most frequently addressed in tourism during 1990s in order to maintain, preserve or rebuild resources for tourism development that have the least negative impacts on the natural environments, additionally, this is more environmentally friendly kind of tourism (Bauer, 2001). The term sustainable development is now replacing the old word conservation. One kind of tourism that is the expression of sustainable tourism development is called ecotourism (Ritchie Goeldner, 1994), implying that tourism development and resource protection can be compatible. During the progress of tourism, ecotourism offers opportunity for financial support for resource protection (Ziffer, 1989). Does tourism in Antarctica fall into ecotourism category? Since it offers travel experience with educational and outdoor adventure. Ecotourism can defined as travelling to remote or natural areas to enhance understanding with appreciation of environment and cultural heritage while avoiding deterioration to remain the same condition for others experiences (Figgis, 1993). Therefore, tourism in Antarctica could be one kind of ecotourism. The sustainable development goal in Antarctica including the role of tourism that focused on destination rather than human development. It is believed that tourists who visit Antarctica could be spokesperson and become more active in protecting the continent because they have seen the real scenario in front and would have the feeling to preserve this valuable territory. One of the article survey and interview with the tour organizer and tourist about the overview of the Antarctica tourism in the future, many of the interviewees believe that more regulation is really needed for effectively management and also the enforce restrictive policies should be issue. The way to improve the role of Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) for the regulation of Antarctic tourism is to establish a commission with the representatives from main tourism countries that reported to ATS (Lamers, 2009). Accreditation system set up has been suggested for tourism operators to guarantee safe and for industry standard s (Australia, 2004). The issue of specific restriction and prohibition of the number of tourists or ships visiting Antarctica has been raised, but that would be difficult because of political will and difficulties of enforcing as countries might not want to limit their economical opportunities in such area. Although the general principles of Antarctic tourism are accepted on environmental quality and human safety, in terms of future scale and the control of tourism development still in argument. Some opinion seeing tourism as a harmless activity, which can create ambassador of Antarctica against the devastating actions that might happen in the future. Second perspective sees tourism as a potential source of income for local stakeholder such as National Antarctic Program or NAPs. Third perspective sees that tourism is allowable as long as there is no negative impact to the environment (Lamers, 2009). The last perspective is a good conclusion due to the fact that travel with harmless to the nature is one k ind of sustainable travelling therefore the clearly tourism policy towards Antarctica should be made suddenly. Planning with the solution is quite a good review in order to maintain the last resources of the world. Adaptation to the situation is also necessary, we must change our life before we are force to do so (Thomas, 2009). How can sustainable tourism in Antarctica be achieved? It is not an accountability of any company, organization or country but it need cooperation from everyone who involve in such businesses or places such as the tour operator, tourist, government or even the local who live near the tourist attraction. Antarctica is the ultimate destination for anyone interested in natural history but it also challenges those people who visit to think broadly about our responsibilities to all life on Earth. Thats the view of Dr.Robert Lambert, a lecturer on Tourism and the Environment at The University of Nottingham, who has just returned from the Antarctic as an observer for the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO) (Science Daily, 2008). Hence, any trash should not be leave in the area to maintain natural and undestroyed, the tourist should realize that they are short-term visit, full responsible and ethical to surrounding environment is essential. Conclusion In order to practice sustainable tourism in Antarctica, it should be clearly understood the concept that to be sustainable is to travel with conscious and deeply understand the value of nature, be concerned and realize the consequences that might happen in the future are not only in a positive way but also in negative ways. The concept of sustainable tourism is wider scope on economics, environmental and socio-cultural whereas ecotourism is focus on environmental and ecological issues. In addition, sustainable tourism is emphasize on indigenous people, in this case it mean the local fauna that live in Antarctica. The preservationist anxious that in the future Antarctica will be in the crisis of global warming which is the result from human activities that may cause the fauna become extinct. In addition, the ozone depletion that makes the world get higher temperature and make the glacier melt is one of the possibilities for the disappearance of Antarctica Continent in the next decade. A big flooding could happen as Antarctica has about 95% of the worlds fresh water reserves, therefore it is possibility effect to the near located countries and also to the world. An active contribution to the community is one kind of sustainable tourism as some tourists might volunteer to help create or preserve the natural resources. The tourist who visit to the rare place of the world like Antarctica must be arrogant and feel cherish that give a power to do something to help promote or preserve the precious place before it is too late to protect. They may give a donation to the foundation, or write a story on the internet to share their experience and their feeling visiting the wonderland like Antarctica. This is another way to express their intention of how important to preserve and make it sustainable. Since the current world is relying on the cyber and internet, the information putting should be trustworthy to avoid misunderstanding. To answer the research question: How to develop a sustainable tourism industry in the Antarctic? will not be easy if there is a lack of cooperation from many sides or parties that have to relate and share in Antarctic tourism. Henceforth, the organization that have influence in Antarctica such as the seven countries that making territory claims or Antarctic Treaty Consultative Party (ATCP), International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO) should have an explicitly guideline to the concerning parties. Updated regulation and prohibition is crucial due to the world has change and the old rules may not comply with the new facing problems. As the Antarctic tourism regulated by ATCP has been considered weak and too slow in implementation process and decision-making (Bastmeijer Roura, 2004), also many regulations are not legally compulsory (Bastmeijer, 2003) therefore transparently operation is very important in the self-regulatory regime. World Tourism Organisation (WTO) launched the principle of sustainable tourism and defined as: development that meets the needs of present tourists and host regions while protecting and enhancing opportunities for the future. It is envisaged as leading to management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity and life support systems (WTO, 1993). The success of a sustainable tourism development in the Antarctic should be combining with the sustainable use, resource conservation, economic development and diversification, learning about the natural and cultural environment (Wylie, 1994). Good sources of information and knowledge are very important in development since the tourists may not know deeply about Antarctica as scientist, for that reason the tourists must have useful information about the place visit and know how to behave during the trip. Such information is very vital to avoid the risk of effecting an environment and ecosystem. Travelling with unharmed nature is the best solution to develop sustainable tourism since we can be appreciate the nature and at the same time can keep the same resources last long.